All about the Earth's natural environment, features, and processes, focusing on landforms, climate, soils, water, and ecosystems.
On August 26, 2026, a catastrophic flash flood tore through the Nepal-Tibet border region, triggered by a glacial collapse and rock-ice avalanche in the mountains near Rasuwa district, immediately south…
William Morris Davis William Morris Davis (1850–1934) was an American geographer and geologist widely regarded as the founder of modern geomorphology. Born in Philadelphia, he taught for most of his…
Classical Landscape Evolution Theories Landscape evolution theory addresses how landforms develop and change over time. Three classical models dominated 20th-century geomorphology, each offering a different explanation for how landscapes progress…
Hydrology — the science of water’s occurrence, distribution, and movement on and beneath the Earth’s surface — has developed over several thousand years, moving from practical observation to a rigorous…
Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis was continuously rejected by most scientists for 40 years. To prove his theory he persisted to keep on studying Earth’s features, visited libraries, and explored evidence until…
Hydrology—the study of water’s movement, distribution, and quality—feeds into a wide range of real-world work. Here’s an overview of the main practical applications: Water Resource Management Hydrology manages water resources…
Global Water Budget The global water budget is the accounting of Earth’s total water — roughly 1.386 billion km³ — as it is distributed among reservoirs (oceans, ice caps and…
The hydrologic cycle (or water cycle) is the continuous natural process by which water moves through Earth’s atmosphere, land, and oceans. It begins with evaporation, where heat from the sun…
Hydrology is the scientific study of water — its occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties as it circulates through the Earth’s atmosphere, land surface, and subsurface. It examines the complete water…
GIS (Geographic Information Systems), GPS (Global Positioning System), RS (Remote Sensing), IT (Information Technology), and ICS (Incident Command System) each play distinct but complementary roles across all phases of disaster…